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Between 1935 and 1969, around 100,000 men were sentenced to prison under Section 175, which was considerably tightened by the Nazis, not to mention the consequences of social stigmatisation for the lives of gay men and lesbian women. This chapter has only been sketched out incompletely for the Nazi era. The state of research on the post-war period is even poorer. The present volume brings together recent studies to the state persecution of homosexuals. Concerning the Nazi era, regional aspects are the focus of attention, especially differences between urban and rural areas. In the post-war period, the focus is on the question of how homosexual life took place in East and West Germany and why the first reforms of criminal law finally took place at the end of the 1960s.